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What is an Armillary sphere ? An Armillary sphere is globe made of moveable , concentric rings that depict such things as horizon , meridian , Equator ,tropics and polar circles. The earliest known complete Armillary ks attributed to the Greeks in the early second century AD . Ptolemy created one to promote his geocentric vision of the cosmos . In 1543 , German mathematician Casper Vogel constructed an Armillary sphere that supported Ptolemy's theory . In the same year , Copernicus published his revolutionary treaties placing the sun at the centre of the solar system.   Afterward , Ptolemaic and Copernican sphere were exhibited together to display the difference between the two versions of the cosmos.      Vogels 1543 Armillary placed Earth in the centre of many planetary orbits . " The Egyptian Nile surpasses all rivers of the earth in sweetness of taste ,  - IBN Battuta , 1325 " That's a in this article 😃 . Please make sure to follow my blog/website. Th

Globe A globe can be terrestrial a spherical representation of the earth or celestial a spherical representation of the heavens . Both types were constructed in ancient Greece and China . The earliest globe's were small and made of marble , metal or wood , with etched or painte surfaces.  The earliest known celestial globe form's part of the "Farnes Atlas ," a Roman copy of a Greek statue . Atlas holds a sphere some 26 inches across showing the constellations.              In 1492 The Nurnberg Mapmaker Martin Behaim made a globe from a mold using wood strips , plaster , and fiber . Soon other mapmakers were covering balls with map segments called globe gore's , printed map segments with tapered points . Dutch artist Albrecht Durer published rules for preparing globe gores in 1525 . A more formal illustrated guide appeared in 1527 , published in Basel by Henricus Glareanus. He proposed using 12 globe segments, each representation 30 degrees of longitude

EVOLUTION OF MAPS  The history of mapping Some form of mapmaking whether scribbles in sand , measurements on chiseled stone , or scared geog in songs and art is common to all cultures. The earliest surviving maps and charts come from ancie Babylonia and Egypt . By the third millennium B.C ., both possessed the necessary mathematical and drafting skills and the bureaucracy for surveying and mapping . Babylonian cartography was mostly practical , whereas Egyptian maps rendered mythical lands and routes to the afterlife .             The Greeks laid the scientific foundation of Western cartagraphy while investigating the nature of the Earth and the universe . The Romans mostly mapped properties , towns plans , and roads . At the same time , the Chinese incorporated art and verbal narrative into their maps , yet they also were concerned with military planning and state security . Japan and Korea tended  to rely on China for their world maps , adding themselves to the fringes.

How map was made ?? The world in maps                 Think of how hard it is to peel an orange and press the resulting pieces of peel down flat on a table . That analogy represents the challenge faced by the mapmaker , who attempts to turn the spherical planet Earth into a flat visual representation. To tackle the challenge -- getting the surface of a sphere to lie flat cartographers use shape that lend themselves to flattening , such as planes , cones , and cylinders , known as developable surfaces .           By applying mathematical calculation to the developable surfaces, they can transform Earth's features into flat form's. Those forms are called projections and they rep the cha of mapmaking through the centuries.                Projections inevitable results in distortions . Those  distortions can be controlled to some de by the choice of map shape , which depends on which part of the planet is of most interest to the cartographer .            

What is Geography ??          Since their earliest presence on Earth, humans have sought to make sense of their surrounding the behaviour of a volcano , the flood cycles of a river , or the optimum time to cross a mountain pass - and humans developed ways to record and pass on such information . As they ventured from their places of origin , by land and by sea , people aquired a broader perspective of Earth's process and of the partterns and impact of human settlement throughout the world                       Ancient cultures such as the Egyptian , Phoenician and Chinese amassed Geographical understanding , but few of those records survive , and so the Greeks have become today's main source of early knowledge . Homer's epics , The liad and The odyssey , written in the ninth century B.C ., reveal the Greeks as intrepid travelers and keen observers of distant lands . They also excelled in scientific inquiry . Aristotle , for example , sought to determine the size

The scope of Geography Geography : From the Greek geo , Earth ,+ graphic , write about or describe . The systematic study of the physical Earth and it's human population - where things are and how they got there . The field is divided into two major areas : physical geography and human geography. Today Geography is rooted in location , but it involves more than the position of place - names on the map . It Integrates methods and knowledge from many different disciplines and encompasses both the physical and the social science . It links all these disciplines to determine why things happen in a particular location or according to particular spatial patterns .              Physical geography incorporates geology , climatology , biology , ecology , hydrogeology and other natural sciences. Human geography includes cultural anthropology , economics , political science , history , demography and other social science . Cartography , which is the art and science of

PTOLEMY / ANCIENT GEOGRAPHER Born in Egypt of Greek ancestry , Claudius Ptolemy (ca A.D 90 -168 ) created a body of working synthesis the Greco - Roman world's knowledge of cartography , mathematics, and astronomy . His eight - volume Geography offered instructions and information for preparing a world atlas , including a world map and 26 regional maps . He also refined a number of a map projections and provided a list of some 8,000 place names and their coordinates . Almagest , his 13 volume treaties on astronomy, Posited a geocentric model of the solar system , and his four book Tetrabiblos tried to reconcile astrology with more scientific matters scientific matters . Ptolemy's influence on Geography and cartography spread through Arabic translations made by islamic scholars and influenced Near Eastern and Western Geography and cartographic thought for centuries. That's all in this article 😃. Please make sure to follow my blog/website. Thank you.

Standard Map Projection Conical Projections -- Are made as if a large paperncone rested on the top of the globe , with its point above the North Pole and it's norom edge touching the globe somewhere north of the Equator . When the cone is cut , a flat map unfolds , shaped like a fan . Conical Projections are best for showing areas in the middle latitudes. Cylindrical Projections -- Show the globe as if it were projected onto a large sheet of paper surrounding it . Those points around the centre , near  the Equator , appear accurately , but area's near the Poles are stretched , causing landmarks far to the North and South to look much larger than they really are . Azimuthal Projections -- This projections are also called plane or zenithal projections . To create  these , the map maker designates one point of the globe as the centre of the map - the point can be any  where and projects an image as if a flat piece stuff paper were resting there.

CHANGING FASHIONS IN WORLD MAPS . No one world map protection can do it all - accurate distance, direction shape , and area . Over the years , different projections have come to the forefront .              The Winkel Tripel projections , adopted in 1998 by the National Geographic Society , is most often chosen today for general reference.                          The Robinson projection was favoured for classrooms and textbooks from 1988 to 1998.           The Van der Grinten projection was used by the National Geographic Society for most of it's political maps from 1922 into the 1980s .              The Mercator projection , centuries old and test still broadly used , also distorts the relative sizes of Landmasses in high latitudes. Fast Facts -- The first scholar to discribe a conical map projection was Ptolemy , in second - century Alexander , Egypt. Azimuth --- In astronomy , gunnery , navigation and other fields , two coordinates describing the positio

WHAT CITIES ARE ON THE TROPIC LINES ? The Tropic of Cancer Runs Through -- 1]  Guangzhou, China 2] Bhopal , India  3] Muscat , Oman 4] Little Exuma , Bahamas  5] Mazatlan , Mexico THE TOROPIC OF CAPRICORN RUNS THROUGH -- 1] Longreach, Australia 2] Toliara , Madagascar 3] Rehoboth , Namibia 4] Sao Paulo , Brazil 5] Tubuai , French Polynesia That's all in this article 😃, Please make sure to follow my blog/website. Thank you

What causes the season Change ?? The changing seasons occur because the Earth , tilted on its axis , orbits the sun . THUS ,the plane of the equator is tilted with respect to the plane of the Earth's orbit . Since the Earth is always tilted in the same direction , the latitude at which the sun appears directly overhead at the noon changes as the Earth orbits the sun . The sun appears to follow a yearly partten of the northward and southward motion in the sky. If the equatorial plane and the orbital plane were the same , the sun would always be directly overhead at noon to an observer at the equator , and there would be no change of seasons. However , since the planes are tilted about 23° 30' from each other , the latitude at which the sun appears directly overhead at non varies throughout the year . Following centuries of tradition, astronomers divide the year into seasons according to equinoxes and solstices . The equinoxes occur when the Earth reches t

WHAT IS GEOMAGNETISM ? Scientists believe that Earth's magnetism aries from electric currents generated by the movement of hot liquid iron in it's core .The currents create a magnetic field with invisible lines of force flowing between Earth Geomagnetic poles . These are not the same as the North and South Poles and , more significant , they are not stationary . The Geomagnetic poles mark the ends of the axis of Earth's magnetic field.  In 1971 a group of scientists investigating a 30,000 year old aboriginal campsite in Australia discovered that the fire's heat had allowed iron particles in the stone to realign with Earth's magnetic field at the time . What's more , the iron particles pointed south, indicating that magnetic north at that time must have been somewhere in the Antractic . The discovery confirmed other recent reversal of the Earth's magnetic field. It is now understood that major reverals in Earth's magnetic field occ

JET AIRWAYS COMING BACK ?? The consortium of Flights Simulation Techniques Center Pvt Ltd ,Big Charter Pvt Ltd  and Imperial Capital investment LLC , have secured an initial funding of $100 million that will be used to revive Jet Airways. "We have secured a funding of $100 million through our partners , to start with ," Biraja Jena , chairman of imperial capital , told . The Dubai based investment banking and wealth management company has also brought on taha Group - a middle East based business house, as an investor , in the consortium. The consortium in one of the two suitors who have placed bids of the airline that had suspended it's operations in April 19. The second consortium consist of London - based financial services firm Kalrock Capital  and entrepreneur Murari Lal Jalan. The two bidders had submitted their plans on jully 21 . It's further learnt that private equity Major xponentia , co-founder by industry veteran Ajay Relan , has also marked an

Why jet airways shut down ? On Wednesday , April 17 , debt - Ladin Jet Airways announced that it is temporarily shuting down because it is unable to release  emergency funding from any source , including the lenders. The airline has suspended both domestic and international flights . History of jet Airways -- Jet Airways has been the country's largest and long  serving airline every since it took off 27 years ago in 1992 . As it's peak , Jet operated 650 flights a day . It was also the only airline to fly between Mumbai and Colombo , Kathmandu and Hong Kong . Jet was the country's largest full service carrier. PROBLEMS WITH INDIAN AVIATION -- India is the also the words largest consumer of oil and even increased it's oil important by 4.37 millions barrels per day . 3 reason why jet airways shut down. --- 1] In may 2019 , Dube said that jet's financial pet was negatively impacted by an increase in fuel prices. 2] As indian airlines fly to over

What is dinosaurs ?? Dinosaurs are prehistoric reptiles that have lived on earth from about 245 millions year ago to the present morden birds are one kind of dinosaurs because they share a common ancestor with non-avian dinosaur. The feature that distinguish dinosaurs from other reptiles is a hole in the hip socket ; which allowed dinosaurs to walk upright Pterosaurus or flying reptiles , and Plesiosaurus , ocean; dwelling reptiles did not have this feature and we're not dinosaurs. Now let's know about 12 Awesome Dinosaurs you must know 1] ARGENTINOSAURUS -- Argentinosaurus is a genius of titanosaur sauropod by Guillermo Heredia in Argentina. The generic name refers to the country in which it was discovered. The dinosaur lived on the island continent of South America somewhere around 97-94 million years ago . 2] BRACHIOSAURUS -- Brachiosaurus is the name sake ginues of the Brachiosauridae , which inc a handful of another similar sauropods . M