Evolution of maps , first map of the world , history of maps book , what is cartography , history of maps .

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EVOLUTION OF MAPS 


The history of mapping


Some form of mapmaking whether scribbles in sand , measurements on chiseled stone , or scared geog in songs and art is common to all cultures. The earliest surviving maps and charts come from ancie Babylonia and Egypt . By the third millennium B.C ., both possessed the necessary mathematical and drafting skills and the bureaucracy for surveying and mapping . Babylonian cartography was mostly practical , whereas Egyptian maps rendered mythical lands and routes to the afterlife .
            The Greeks laid the scientific foundation of Western cartagraphy while investigating the nature of the Earth and the universe . The Romans mostly mapped properties , towns plans , and roads . At the same time , the Chinese incorporated art and verbal narrative into their maps , yet they also were concerned with military planning and state security . Japan and Korea tended  to rely on China for their world maps , adding themselves to the fringes.
         Religious cartagraphy held sway in the Middle Ages , although the Arabs maintained classic intellectual traditions and developed their own Islamic mapmaking traditions as well .
 
       The invention of the printing press and the rediscovery of Ptolemy's Guide to Geography sparked a revival in scientific cartography in Western Europe , accelerated by voyages by the Spanish and the Portuguese to Africa , the America's and the Spice Islands .The French became the first to conduct an official national land survey , producing 182 map sheets by 1787.
The British adapted French techniques to produce the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in the early 19th century .

FAST FACT -- AMERICA WAS THE FIRST NAMED ON WALDSEEMULLER's 1507 WORLD MAP .



Ortelius & Mercator , Pioneering Mapmakers.


As a young man , Flemish scholar and geographer Abraham Ortelius (1527 - 1598) was known for skillfully illuminating manuscripts and for his collection of books and coins . Once established as a cartographer , he revolutionized the Renaissance world with the publication in 1570 of Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , or Theater of the World . It is known as the first mordern atlas .
         The Theatrum proved a huge success and helped transfer the centre of the European map trade from Rome and Venice to Antwerp , his home . Some 7,300 copies were printed in 31 editions and seven languages and sold at a cost equivalent to about $1,630 today , making Ortelius very wealthy.
       
         The Theatrum included a one page reduction of the world projection drawn by Ortelius's friend and fellow Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator (1512 - 1594 ) .First published in 1569 , Mercator's projection was designed to aid navigation . With all lines of latitude and longitude depicted as straight lines , Mariner's could more easily plot a course over a long distance . 

           Despite it's original nautical purpose, the Mercator projection , with modification , became a standard two - dimensional representation of the world until well into the 20th century . Generations of school children have studied Mercator's projection, which led them to believe that Greenland and Africa were roughly the same size -- although Africa is in fact some 14 times larger .

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